Effective Low Cost Adsorbents for Removal of Fluoride from Water: A Review

Drinking water contamination by fluoride is recognized as a major public health problem in many parts of the world. In fact, although fluoride is an essential trace element for animals and humans, excessive fluoride intake may cause adverse health effects. The present survey highlights on efficiency of different materials for the removal of fluoride from water. The most important results of extensive studies on various key factors (pH, agitation time, initial fluoride concentration, temperature, particle size, surface area, presence and nature of counter ions and solvent dose) fluctuate fluoride removal capacity of materials are reviewed. This paper investigates the potential health risks involved with both lower and higher concentrations of fluoride in drinking water, as well as posing possible measures of mitigation to eliminate such harmful threats. Also, this paper describes brief discussions on various low cost adsorbents used for the effective removal of fluoride from water.